Please be informed that some of our acronyms and their definitions are created by our visitors. Therefore, your suggestion of new acronyms is highly welcome! You can further scroll down and click the language menu to find meanings of JFK in other 42 languages. Abbreviation Archives. States and Continents. Recent Posts. John Fitzgerald Kennedy. Many southern political leaders claimed the desegregation decision violated the rights of states to manage their systems of public education, and they responded with defiance, legal challenges, delays, or token compliance.
As a result, school desegregation proceeded very slowly. By the end of the s, fewer than 10 percent of black children in the South were attending integrated schools. The pace of civil rights protests rose sharply in response to the Supreme Court's decision.
Martin Luther King Jr. But, even after Little Rock, school integration was painfully slow, and segregation in general remained largely untouched.
In February , four black college students sat down at a Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, and asked to be served. They were refused service, and they refused to leave their seats. Within days, more than 50 students had volunteered to continue the sit-in, and within weeks the movement had spread to other college campuses. Roughly 50, young people joined the protests that year. By the presidential campaign, civil rights had emerged as a crucial issue.
Just a few weeks before the election, Martin Luther King Jr. John Kennedy phoned his wife, Coretta Scott King to express his concern, while a call from Robert Kennedy to the judge helped secure her husband's safe release. Across the nation, more than 70 percent of African Americans voted for Kennedy, and these votes provided the winning edge in several key states.
When President Kennedy took office in January , African Americans had high expectations for the new administration. But Kennedy's narrow election victory and small working margin in Congress left him cautious.
He was reluctant to lose southern support for legislation on many fronts by pushing too hard on civil rights legislation. Instead, he appointed unprecedented numbers of African Americans to high-level positions in the administration and strengthened the Civil Rights Commission.
He spoke out in favor of school desegregation, praised a number of cities for integrating their schools, and put Vice President Lyndon Johnson in charge of the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity. Attorney General Robert Kennedy turned his attention to voting rights, initiating five times the number of suits brought during the previous administration.
President Kennedy may have been reluctant to push ahead with civil rights legislation, but millions of African Americans would not wait. Eventually, the administration was compelled to act. For decades, seating on buses in the South had been segregated, along with bus station waiting rooms, rest rooms, and restaurants.
In Alabama, a bus was burned and the riders attacked with baseball bats and tire irons. Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent federal marshals to protect the freedom riders and urged the Interstate Commerce Commission to order the desegregation of interstate travel. In , James H. Meredith Jr. Long telephone conversations between the president, the attorney general, and Governor Ross Barnett failed to produce a solution. When federal marshals accompanied Meredith to campus in another attempt to register for classes, rioting erupted.
Two people died and dozens were injured. President Kennedy mobilized the National Guard and sent federal troops to the campus. Meredith registered the next day and attended his first class, and segregation ended at the University of Mississippi. See Integrating Old Miss , an interactive website that tells the story of James Meredith and the tumultuous events surrounding his historic admission to the University of Mississippi.
In the spring of , Martin Luther King Jr. Initially, the demonstrations had little impact. Then, on Good Friday, King was arrested and spent a week behind bars, where he wrote one of his most famous meditations on racial injustice and civil disobedience, "Letter from Birmingham Jail.
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